Dictionary Format

Radixor uses a simple line-oriented dictionary format designed for practical stemming workflows. The textual source format is tab-separated values, meaning that columns are separated by the tab character.

Source text, model resource, and compiled trie

Three artifacts must not be confused:

Artifact	Representation	Consumer
Source textual dictionary	Plain UTF-8 tab-separated rows, optionally GZip-compressed	Java and Python loaders or compilation tools
Registered Java model resource	The same dictionary bytes under GZip, accompanied by index, descriptor, checksum, and license	Java StemmerModelRegistry and StemmerPatchTrieLoader
Standard Python model resource	A precompiled version 7 .rxc artifact in the required radixor-models-standard data package	Python Stemmer("<alias>")
Persisted compiled trie	GZip-compressed Radixor version 7 binary, commonly .radixor.gz in Java or .rxc in Python	Java loadBinaryCompiled(...) and Python Stemmer(compiled=...)

The Java model file named stemmer.gz is not Java serialization and is not a pre-instantiated or persisted trie. It is compressed textual dictionary input parsed when a Java model is loaded. Python's standard data distribution instead contains generated, precompiled version 7 tries; neither Python distribution ships the textual source dictionaries.

Consequently, compressed size is not a construction-memory estimate. The PoliMorf resource is 12,624,997 bytes compressed and 68,093,680 bytes decompressed, while full parsing, trie construction, reduction, and patch compilation require a dedicated verification JVM with a 6 GiB maximum heap.

Comment headers in maintained model inputs summarize provenance but do not replace packaged legal material. Each UniMorph-derived artifact includes a language-specific notice describing its official repository, lexical source, upstream attribution, CC BY-SA 3.0 canonical URI, ShareAlike status, Radixor transformations, and Leo Galambos's protectable model-data contributions. The notice does not claim ownership over the underlying data. GZip packaging and descriptor/checksum generation are disclosed transformations; the in-memory trie is a Radixor runtime structure.

Each logical line describes one canonical stem and zero or more known word variants that should reduce to that stem. The format is intentionally lightweight, easy to maintain in source control, and directly consumable both by the programmatic loader and by the CLI compiler.

Use the format from either runtime

The dictionary semantics are shared; the integration entry points are not:

Task	Java	Python
Load and compile text now	StemmerPatchTrieLoader.loadCompiled(...)	Stemmer(path=...)
Compile a reusable binary	org.egothor.stemmer.Compile	radixor.compile(...)
Load a compiled binary	StemmerPatchTrieLoader.loadBinaryCompiled(...)	Stemmer(compiled=...)
Registered/standard language	External model JAR selected through the registry	Compiled model in radixor-models-standard, selected by alias or model ID

Python compilation writes the shared version 7 stream using its fixed production reduction profile. Java exposes additional reduction and normalization controls. See Java CLI Compilation and Compiling Dictionaries in Python.

Core structure

Each non-empty logical line has the following shape:

<stem>  <variant1>  <variant2>  <variant3> ...

The first column is interpreted as the canonical stem. Every following token on the same line is interpreted as a known variant belonging to that stem.

Example:

run running runs    ran
connect connected   connecting  connection

In this example:

• run is the canonical stem for running, runs, and ran,
• connect is the canonical stem for connected, connecting, and connection.

How the loader interprets a line

When a dictionary is loaded through StemmerPatchTrieLoader, the loader processes each parsed line as follows:

1. the first column becomes the canonical stem,
2. every following token is treated as a variant,
3. each variant is converted into a patch command that transforms the variant into the stem,
4. if storeOriginal is enabled, the stem itself is also inserted using the canonical no-op patch command.

This means the textual dictionary is not used directly at runtime. Instead, it is transformed into patch-command data and compiled into a reduced read-only trie.

Minimal valid lines

A line may consist of the stem only:

run

This is syntactically valid. It defines a stem entry with no explicit variants on that line.

Whether such a line is operationally useful depends on how the dictionary is loaded:

• if storeOriginal is enabled, the stem itself is inserted as a no-op mapping,
• if storeOriginal is disabled, the line contributes no explicit variant mappings.

Column and whitespace rules

Columns are separated by the tab character. Leading and trailing whitespace around each column is ignored.

This is the canonical form:

run running runs    ran

This is also accepted because the surrounding padding is removed before the item is processed:

  run    running     runs    ran  

Embedded whitespace inside one dictionary item is currently not supported. A stem or variant such as new york therefore cannot yet be represented as one usable dictionary item in the textual source format. Such items are ignored during parsing and reported through a warning-level log entry together with the physical line number, the stem, and the ignored items from that line.

Empty lines

Empty lines are ignored.

Example:

run running runs    ran

connect connected   connecting

The blank line between entries has no effect.

Remarks and comments

The parser supports both full-line and trailing remarks.

Two remark markers are recognized:

• #
• //

The earliest occurrence of either marker terminates the logical content of the line, and the remainder of that line is ignored.

Examples:

run running runs    ran # English verb forms
connect connected   connecting // Common derived forms

This is also valid:

# This line is ignored completely
// This line is also ignored completely

Case normalization

Input-line case normalization is controlled by CaseProcessingMode; by default the parser uses LOWERCASE_WITH_LOCALE_ROOT before tab-separated columns are processed into dictionary entries.

That means dictionary authors should treat the format as case-insensitive at load time. If a file contains uppercase or mixed-case tokens, they will be normalized during parsing.

Example:

Run Running Runs    Ran

is processed the same way as:

run running runs    ran

Character set, compression, and normalization

Dictionary files are read as UTF-8 text. Files loaded through StemmerPatchTrieLoader.load(Path, ...) may be either plain UTF-8 text or GZip-compressed UTF-8 text; the loader detects GZip input from the stream header instead of relying on the file extension. Registered model dictionaries are stored as GZip resources and are decoded as UTF-8 after decompression.

Turn a dictionary into a model artifact

An arbitrary classpath copy is not a discoverable model. A model module places immutable input and its license under models/<model-id>/src/modelInput/, declares metadata and an independent version, and applies the model convention plugin. The build validates the input, copies identical bytes into a generated namespaced resource, generates META-INF/radixor/models.index and a descriptor, records SHA-256, and packages licensing material. See Stemmer Models for the complete procedure and Model Selection and Loading for runtime use.

The parser and trie are not restricted to ASCII. Dictionary items are ordinary Java String values, and trie traversal works over Java char sequences. This supports Latin-script data with diacritics, Cyrillic data, Hebrew, Persian, Yiddish, and other scripts represented in UTF-8, subject to the normal Java String model and the project’s traversal configuration.

Case normalization is controlled by CaseProcessingMode. The default LOWERCASE_WITH_LOCALE_ROOT mode lowercases the line before columns are split into dictionary items. AS_IS preserves the original casing.

Diacritic normalization is controlled at trie-build and lookup time by DiacriticProcessingMode:

• AS_IS preserves dictionary and lookup keys exactly after case handling,
• REMOVE strips supported diacritics and common Latin ligatures on both insertion and lookup paths,
• AS_IS_AND_STRIPPED_FALLBACK is declared in the public model but is not implemented yet and raises UnsupportedOperationException.

For reliable production behavior, choose one normalization policy deliberately and apply it consistently. Normalized ASCII dictionaries remain a practical convention for some legacy stemming data, but they are not a format requirement.

Distinct stem and variant semantics

The format expresses a one-line grouping of forms under a canonical stem. It does not encode linguistic metadata, part-of-speech information, weights, or explicit ambiguity markers.

For example:

axis    axes
axe axes

These are simply two independent lines. If both contribute mappings for the same surface form, the compiled trie may later expose one or more candidate patch commands depending on the accumulated local counts and the selected reduction mode.

In other words, the dictionary format itself is deliberately simple. Richer behavior such as preferred-result ranking or multiple candidate results emerges during trie construction and reduction rather than through extra syntax in the dictionary file.

Duplicate forms and repeated entries

The format does not reserve any special syntax for duplicates. If the same mapping is inserted multiple times through repeated dictionary content, the builder accumulates local counts for the stored value at the addressed key.

This matters because compiled tries preserve local value frequencies and use them to determine preferred ordering for get(...), getAll(...), and getEntries(...).

As a result, repeating the same mapping is not just redundant text. It can influence the ranking behavior of the compiled trie.

Practical examples

Simple English example

run running runs    ran
connect connected   connecting  connection
build   building    builds  built

Dictionary with remarks

run running runs    ran # canonical verb family
connect connected   connecting // derived forms
build   building    builds  built

Stem-only entries

run
connect connected   connecting
build

Mixed case input

Run Running Runs    Ran
CONNECT Connected   Connecting

This is accepted. Under the default LOWERCASE_WITH_LOCALE_ROOT mode it is normalized to lower case during parsing; under AS_IS it is preserved.

Format limitations

The current dictionary format intentionally stays minimal:

• no quoted tokens,
• no escaping rules,
• no multi-word entries,
• no inline weighting syntax,
• no explicit ambiguity syntax,
• no sectioning or nested structure.

Each dictionary item is simply one tab-separated word form after remark stripping and the configured case and diacritic normalization.

Authoring guidance

For reliable results, keep dictionaries:

• consistent in normalization,
• free of accidental duplicates unless repeated weighting is intentional,
• focused on meaningful stem-to-variant groupings,
• encoded in UTF-8,
• easy to audit in plain text form.

For most deployments, it is sensible to choose either preserved UTF-8 forms or a normalized ASCII/diacritic-stripped convention and keep that choice consistent across dictionary authoring, compilation, and runtime lookup.

Relationship to other documentation

This page describes only the textual source format.

To understand how those dictionary lines are transformed into compiled runtime artifacts, continue with:

• CLI compilation
• Programmatic usage
• Architecture and reduction

Radixor 4 model artifacts

Language dictionaries are independently versioned runtime model artifacts, not resources embedded in radixor. Language-based APIs resolve deterministic defaults through StemmerModelRegistry; see Stemmer Models.